For what it's worth... 12yrs ago I did a review on Optimax Extreme (the 100RON fuel from Shell). This was back in 2006. I had a Nissan 200SX with an SR20DET engine, running an Apexi PowerFC aftermarket ECU. I also had the hand controller hooked up to it.
The car had been tuned to run on 98 octane fuel. When Optimax Extreme came out, I ran my tank down as far as I dared with the fuel light on, put in a quarter of a tank of Optimax Extreme, ran that down as far as I dared go, then filled it all the way up to the top.
The hand controller of the PowerFC can report a knock value. Basically this value is how much detonation there is before top dead center. I forget how it calculates it, but basically you don't want anything over 60. 60 doesn't necessarily mean the car is pinging, but as a guide, you want the knock value to be below 60 to be safe.
Under normal driving conditions, I would see values between 15-25. If I really got my foot into the car (think going up a twisty hill, wide open throttle, full boost etc) - I would see peak knock values of 30-40.
When I did the review of Optimax Extreme - I got stuck into the car - full load, wide open throttle etc.
As part of the write up - I took this photo of my boost gauge. This was the peak boost I hit - which is fairly high for that engine at the time.

This was the highest knock value I got.... a whole 7.

The difference that 2 extra RON made was incredible.
Now - granted the VW engine is a lot more technologically advanced, and probably has a wide band O2 sensor. But octane still plays a large role. In my Japanese engine, with old technology and a narrow band O2 sensor, under full load my knock value went from 30-40, down to 0-7. I can only imagine what a difference of 3 (95RON -> 98RON) makes. Let alone if someone was running 91RON in their engine which is designed to take a MINIMUM of 95RON.
And last time I checked... a German engine wasn't the cheapest thing to rebuild either.
My car: MY18 Arteon
My car #2: MY22 Volvo XC40 Pure Electric
Her car: MY22 Skoda Octavia Limited Edition Wagon
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